Hagyomány, Identitás, Történelem III. 1 (2026)
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- ItemOpen AccessA 18. századi ellenreformáció Eszterházy József posthuma memoriája alapján(2026) Gyócsi Ádám; Történelemtudományi Doktori Iskola; Károli Gáspár Református EgyetemThrough his trusted men, Eszterházy continued the court’s Counter-Reformation policy throughout his dominions, albeit on a small scale. He supported his own Catholic Church, sometimes at the expense of Protestant churches, and he also enlisted the help of settled Slavic and German settlers to do this. His brother Ferenc assisted him in this endeavour and continued his legacy after his death. However, his son was less enthusiastic, so he entrusted his secretary to fulfil his legacy according to his wishes. Although the Memoria only describes the struggles of Protestants living on the Eszterházy estates due to the landlord’s religious policy, a tangible, albeit incomplete, positive change in the lives of Protestant denominations occurred in the „long 18th century” with the 1781 Edict of Tolerance, which was completed in 1848.
- ItemOpen AccessHagyomány és/vagy korszerűség: az erkölcsi nevelés kérdései a reformkorban(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Hittudományi Kar Egyháztörténeti Kutatóintézet, 2026) Czeglédi Sándor; Történettudományi Intézet; Ókortörténeti és Segédtudományi Tanszék; KRE - Bölcsészet- és Társadalomtudományi KarThis study examines questions about moral education that emerged during the Hungarian Reform Era, as reflected in three pedagogical manuals and two influential periodicals. The authors – Pál Edvi Illés, János Warga and Fidél Beély – agree that education should have a religious and moral foundation, and that love plays a significant role. While the Protestant authors advocated influencing emotions, the Catholic Beély urged a balance between intellect and emotion. In terms of educators’ personalities, all three considered love and empathy to be the most effective methods, while viewing praise as counterproductive. In addition to German philosophy, the Protestant authors were influenced by physico-theology. Differences emerged regarding corporal punishment: the Catholic journal Religio és Nevelés (Religion and Education) defended it, whereas the Protestant Church and School Gazette resolutely opposed it. The study highlights that the pedagogy of the era was a synthesis of Enlightenment ideas and Biblical and ancient traditions. It also emphasises that the principles of moral education can only be authentically interpreted within their own context.
- ItemOpen AccessHagyomány, Identitás, Történelem III.1 (2026)(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Hittudományi Kar Egyháztörténeti Kutatóintézet, 2026) Földváryné Kiss Réka; KRE - Hittudományi Kar
- ItemOpen AccessA heidelbergi magyar peregrinusok könyves műveltsége(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Hittudományi Kar Egyháztörténeti Kutatóintézet, 2026) Oláh RóbertIn this study, we examine the influence of the University of Heidelberg on the culture of the Carpathian Basin by analysing the booklists of seven Hungarian Reformed peregrine students, totalling around 800 items. The surviving booklists analysed are those of István Miskolci Csulyak (deacon of Zemplén), János Albensis Nagy (pastor of Marosvásárhely), István Geleji Katona the Elder (bishop of Transylvania), Benedek Károlyi Sánta (pastor of Szatmár), Máté Csanaki (court physician to Rákóczi György II and rector of Kolozsvár), Péter Alvinci (pastor of Kassa) and György Csulai (bishop of Transylvania). Finally, we review the areas that stood out during the analysis, highlighting those that testify to the influence of Heidelberg University and its book market.
- ItemOpen AccessHolland egyetemi bíróságok ítéletei magyar diákok ügyeiben(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Hittudományi Kar Egyháztörténeti Kutatóintézet, 2026) Bozzay Réka; Debreceni EgyetemThis study examines the functioning of early modern Dutch university courts and their rulings in cases involving Hungarian students. These courts were founded on medieval academic privileges, which granted universities legal jurisdiction over students and academic citizens. Hungarian students mainly appeared before university courts in civil cases, particularly disputes over unpaid rent and financial obligations, but criminal and moral cases also occurred. The largest number of cases emerged in Franeker, which had the highest number of Hungarian students enrolled. University courts generally aimed to preserve academic order while handling cases carefully and impartially. Severe offences occasionally resulted in expulsion or exile, but most cases resulted in fines or negotiated settlements. Overall, Hungarian students were involved in relatively few legal disputes over the course of two centuries, which suggests that they were effectively integrated into academic life.
- ItemOpen AccessKonfliktuskezelés Técső református egyházközségében 1780-1825 között(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Hittudományi Kar Egyháztörténeti Kutatóintézet, 2026) Berecz ÁgnesThis study examines the first surviving protocollum of the Reformed Congregation of Técső, located on the eastern border of Hungary (now Ukraine), and the conflict situations that occurred there and how they were resolved. These situations can be classified into four distinct categories (with some exceptions): between the parish and the diocese; between the parish and its members; between members of the congregation; and between married couples belonging to the congregation. The presbyterial council takes its decisions after hearing the persons concerned in person, demonstrating careful preparation and gradualness. Initially, the decisions were warnings and admonitions. If necessary, this process was repeated, while the congregation’s elders and the pastor worked to bring about positive change on a personal level. Only then were harsher sanctions taken, such as pastoral warnings, referral to the city council, temporary denial of the sacrament, burying relatives without singing or bells, loss of parish office and drafting a personal obligation (reversalis). The most severe punishment was a public confession of repentance before the whole congregation. A milder form of this was ‚privata poenitentia’, which took place on weekdays in front of church officials only. There was also a growing assertion of civic consciousness and morality, and it can be verified that, from the end of the 18th century to the first third of the 19th century, the strictness aimed at controlling private lives gradually weakened. (More precisely, the interpretation of the ‚private sphere’ expanded over time.) In summary, the conflict management methods of the Reformed Congregation of Técső are exemplary in that, in all cases, decisions were made by the congregation according to rules based on biblical principles, with the aim of maintaining the purity of community life.
- ItemOpen AccessMozaikok a Táci Református Egyházközség történetéből a kezdetektől az 1730-as évekig(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Hittudományi Kar Egyháztörténeti Kutatóintézet, 2026) Borsos Mátyás; Történelemtudományi Doktori Iskola; Károli Gáspár Református EgyetemThe village of Tác in Fejér County was founded in the 1670s following the destruction of the medieval Föveny settlement. There are no surviving records detailing the early organisation of the church, and identifying the first three ministers has proven difficult. This changed in 1689 when András Patai arrived in the village and started to keep the parish register. His records provide insight into the life of a community that had just been freed from Ottoman rule. A school was built in 1691, and a new church was erected on the site of the old one in 1696. This church still stands today. Unfortunately, during the War of Independence under Rákóczi, the parish register fell into foreign hands and was not recovered until the late 1730s. Alongside the register entries, this study also includes two letters written in the 1720s by János Jámbor, the parish priest of Ozora. In these letters, he complains about Bálint Balassa, the notary of Tác. These texts may offer useful information for researching the history of the church during this period, particularly for studies focusing on individuals’ lives and careers (prosopography).
- ItemOpen Access„Siendo Brabante y Flandes deste bãdo, Que tienen de Caluino la heregia“. Die Rezeption des Bilderstreites und der Gräueltaten des Herzogs von Alba in zwei damaligen Berichten(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Hittudományi Kar Egyháztörténeti Kutatóintézet, 2026) Majorossy Imre; Magyarságkutató IntézetThis essay deals with the beginning of the Dutch struggle for freedom. Following the Iconoclastic Fury, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the Duke of Alba, was sent to resolve the conflict, restore Spanish rule, and punish the rebels. Subsequently, under the influence of the Enlightenment, these events have mostly been viewed from the rebels’ perspective. Drawing on two contemporary sources, this essay attempts to present the conservative or Spanish perspective. What motivated the rebels? How were the provocations and reactions perceived by royalist writers?
- ItemOpen Access„Soha illyen kántort nem láttunk", Zajzon Mózes törökszentmiklósi botránya (1792)(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Hittudományi Kar Egyháztörténeti Kutatóintézet, 2026) Éliás JánosNagykunság Reformed Diocese in the late eighteenth century, using the case of Mózes Zajzon, cantor of Törökszentmiklós, in 1792–1793 as an example. Using an unusually complete collection of archival sources (including interrogation records, ministerial correspondence and two incriminating private letters), the paper reconstructs the disciplinary process from the initial suspicions to the diocese’s final verdict. The study demonstrates how the ecclesiastical authorities dealt with moral transgressions when the accused was an office-holder responsible for enforcing communal norms, and contextualises the affair within the broader patterns of contemporary Reformed disciplinary practice.
- ItemOpen AccessSztárai Mihály a világi felsőbbségről(Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem Hittudományi Kar Egyháztörténeti Kutatóintézet, 2026) Marco de Leeuw van Weenen; Protestáns Politikatörténeti Kutatócsoport; Károli Gáspár Református EgyetemMihály Sztárai, a Hungarian reformer, is best known for establishing 120 Protestant churches in southern Hungary, which was under Ottoman rule at the time. He also wrote two dramas and historical poems based on biblical, church and secular stories. His earliest surviving work is an account of a Hungarian nobleman’s son escaping from Ottoman captivity. By closely examining Sztárai’s works, we can discern his views on worldly authority. While the influence of Erasmus can be seen in his first work, his point of view is predominantly shaped by the Bible and Reformed teaching. Sztárai viewed the church and worldly authority as two parallel entities, each with their own area of influence. Ideally, the king should love the Bible, support the Church, and promote education and science. When Christians unanimously elect a God-fearing he is a tyrant, they can turn to God in prayer. God can even change the mind of a pagan emperor or cause the enemy to be defeated in battle. Overall, this was the general opinion on worldly authority during the Reformation.